This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 14 November 2008: 1021.
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Editorial:
A Call to Serve

William A. Wulf and Anita K. Jones
Science 14 November 2008: 1025.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 14 November 2008: 1026.
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Science Podcast

Science 14 November 2008: 1120.
Summary: The 14 November 2008 show includes pictures of a nearby multi-planet system, marine cyanobacteria that lack genes for oxygen-evolving photosynthesis, the evolution of childhood, and more, and more. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 14 November 2008: 1120.
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News of the Week

SCIENCE AND THE ELECTION: Obama Victory Raises Hopes for New Policies, Bigger Budgets

Constance Holden, Andrew Lawler, Eli Kintisch, Jeffrey Mervis, and Erik Stokstad
Science 14 November 2008: 1034-1035.
Summary: U.S. scientists hope that last week's elections will usher in an era of sustained, healthy increases in the federal funding of basic research. But with yawning deficits and urgent demands on the federal treasury, those increases may not happen anytime soon. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENCE AND THE ELECTION: New Congress Looks Familiar

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 14 November 2008: 1035.
Summary: Democratic science powerbrokers in Congress have retained their seats. But a major reshuffling of Senate committee posts is under way that could affect research and training issues. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ANIMAL RESEARCH: European Union Floats Tighter Animal-Research Rules

Gretchen Vogel
Science 14 November 2008: 1037.
Summary: A proposal released last week by the European Commission would ban the use of great apes in medical experiments, although it does not include a complete prohibition on all research on nonhuman primates, for which many animal-welfare groups had vigorously lobbied. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EVOLUTION: Vatican Science Conference Offers an Ambiguous Message

John Bohannon
Science 14 November 2008: 1038.
Summary: Scientists who hoped for a clear statement of support for evolution from the Catholic Church at a closed-door conference on evolutionary origins held at the Vatican last week went home empty-handed. Others, expecting little, were happy with a détente between science and faith. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: Statin Therapy Reduces Disease in Healthy Volunteers--But How, Exactly?

Jennifer Couzin
Science 14 November 2008: 1039.
Summary: Some experts are calling the 17,800-person JUPITER trial a huge success in preventing cardiovascular disease and proving the value of c-reactive protein, an indicator of inflammation, as a risk marker for heart disease. The trial comes with a host of caveats, however, muddying the picture of inflammation’s role in cardiovascular disease. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 14 November 2008: 1037.
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Random Samples

Science 14 November 2008: 1031.
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Newsmakers

Science 14 November 2008: 1033.
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News Focus

ANTHROPOLOGY: The Birth of Childhood

Ann Gibbons
Science 14 November 2008: 1040-1043.
Summary: Unlike other apes, humans depend on their parents for a long period after weaning. But when--and why--did our long childhood evolve? Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

RENEWABLE ENERGY: Minnesota Ecologist Pushes Prairie Biofuels

Eli Kintisch
Science 14 November 2008: 1044-1045.
Summary: David Tilman wants to mix it up by growing native grasses for energy. Many agronomists disagree. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PLANT GENOMICS: A Bunch of Trouble

David Grimm
Science 14 November 2008: 1046-1047.
Summary: The banana is endangered and largely ignored by funding agencies, researchers, and breeders. But things might finally be going its way. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 European Union and NIH Collaborate

Elias A. Zerhouni and Janez Potočnik
Science 14 November 2008: 1048.
Published online 30 October 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1167667] (in Science Express Letters)
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 Skeptical of Assisted Colonization

Ian Davidson and Christina Simkanin
Science 14 November 2008: 1048-1049.
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 Assisted Colonization Won't Help Rare Species

Danwei Huang
Science 14 November 2008: 1049.
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 Where Species Go, Legal Protections Must Follow

Guillaume Chapron, Gustaf Samelius;, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Lesley Hughes, Sue McIntyre, David B. Lindenmayer, Camille Parmesan, Hugh P. Possingham, and Chris D. Thomas
Science 14 November 2008: 1049-1050.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 14 November 2008: 1050.
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Books et al.

PALEONTOLOGY: Reading Behavior from the Rocks

Sören Jensen
Science 14 November 2008: 1051-1052.
Summary: Seilacher's iconic drawings form the framework for this application of his "method of morphological thinking in terms of processes" to structures that animals have left in soft sediments. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENCE POLICY: What Can Science Do for the President?

Gregory A. Good
Science 14 November 2008: 1052.
Summary: Through his examination of the functioning and effectiveness of the U.S. President's Science Advisory Committee, Wang explores the evolution of scientists' roles in executive policy-making during the 1950s and 1960s. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

OCEANS: Smithsonian Swims in New Direction

Lekelia D. Jenkins
Science 14 November 2008: 1053.
Summary: The Smithsonian, teaming up with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, presents specimens, models, illustrations, photographs, and films that survey the variety and importance of life in the seas of our ocean planet. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 14 November 2008: 1053.
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Policy Forum

RESEARCH ETHICS: Certificates of Confidentiality and Compelled Disclosure of Data

Laura M. Beskow, Lauren Dame, and E. Jane Costello
Science 14 November 2008: 1054-1055.
Summary: A recent court case suggests that the privacy of research subjects may not be fully protected by Certificates of Confidentiality. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

CHEMISTRY: A Sideways Glance at Chemical Reactivity

David A. Blank
Science 14 November 2008: 1056-1057.
Summary: Ultrafast spectroscopy allows us to see what happens to parts of a molecule not directly involved in a chemical reaction. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BEHAVIOR: A Biolinguistic Agenda

Marc D. Hauser and Thomas Bever
Science 14 November 2008: 1057-1059.
Summary: Neurobiology and genetics are helping to generate insights about the evolution of language. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOCHEMISTRY: RT Slides Home...

Stefan G. Sarafianos and Eddy Arnold
Science 14 November 2008: 1059-1060.
Summary: To access its target sites, HIV reverse transcriptase slides and flips on nucleic acid substrates. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CLIMATE CHANGE: Understanding Glacier Flow in Changing Times

Richard B. Alley, Mark Fahnestock, and Ian Joughin
Science 14 November 2008: 1061-1062.
Summary: Subannual lurches of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets may reduce uncertainties about climate change effects on sea-level rise. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

MICROBIOLOGY: A Protein Pupylation Paradigm

Sohini Mukherjee and Kim Orth
Science 14 November 2008: 1062-1063.
Summary: Tagging proteins with ubiquitin molecules so that they will be degraded in the proteasome is not a mechanism unique to eukaryotes. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Physiographic Control on the Development of Spartina Marshes

Gerardo Fragoso and Tom Spencer
Science 14 November 2008: 1064.
Erosion of sediment is harmful to the growth of marsh grass, possibly explaining salt marsh die-back, a phenomenon thought to be a result of sea-level changes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Reconstruction of Zebrafish Early Embryonic Development by Scanned Light Sheet Microscopy

Philipp J. Keller, Annette D. Schmidt, Joachim Wittbrodt, and Ernst H.K. Stelzer
Science 14 November 2008: 1065-1069.
Published online 9 October 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1162493] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Digitized tracking of each cell during the first 24 hours of zebrafish development reveals how the body axis and germ layer are formed and provides a community resource. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Reports

Kinetics of Individual Nucleation Events Observed in Nanoscale Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth

B. J. Kim, J. Tersoff, S. Kodambaka, M. C. Reuter, E. A. Stach, and F. M. Ross
Science 14 November 2008: 1070-1073.
Transmission electron microscopy reveals the kinetics of nucleation and growth of silicon particles from liquid gold-silicon droplets, the first step in growing nanowires. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Spectroscopic Tracking of Structural Evolution in Ultrafast Stilbene Photoisomerization

Satoshi Takeuchi, Sanford Ruhman, Takao Tsuneda, Mahito Chiba, Tetsuya Taketsugu, and Tahei Tahara
Science 14 November 2008: 1073-1077.
Raman spectroscopy offers a global view of how all the atoms move during the photoinduced picosecond isomerization of stilbene. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Random Tiling and Topological Defects in a Two-Dimensional Molecular Network

Matthew O. Blunt, James C. Russell, María del Carmen Giménez-López, Juan P. Garrahan, Xiang Lin, Martin Schröder, Neil R. Champness, and Peter H. Beton
Science 14 November 2008: 1077-1081.
An organic molecule absorbed on graphite forms networks that represent an intermediate state between crystalline ordering and amorphous packing. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Observing the Creation of Electronic Feshbach Resonances in Soft X-ray–Induced O₂ Dissociation

Arvinder S. Sandhu, Etienne Gagnon, Robin Santra, Vandana Sharma, Wen Li, Phay Ho, Predrag Ranitovic, C. Lewis Cocke, Margaret M. Murnane, and Henry C. Kapteyn
Science 14 November 2008: 1081-1085.
Attosecond spectroscopy reveals that a second electron cannot be ionized from an oxygen molecule until the nuclei, which repel each other, have moved about 30 angstroms apart. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Photosynthetic Control of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide During the Growing Season

J. E. Campbell, G. R. Carmichael, T. Chai, M. Mena-Carrasco, Y. Tang, D. R. Blake, N. J. Blake, S. A. Vay, G. J. Collatz, I. Baker, J. A. Berry, S. A. Montzka, C. Sweeney, J. L. Schnoor, and C. O. Stanier
Science 14 November 2008: 1085-1088.
The atmospheric concentration of carbonyl sulfide, a trace gas consumed by land plants along with carbon dioxide, can be used to estimate the amount of photosynthesis occurring on land. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Female Homo erectus Pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia

Scott W. Simpson, Jay Quade, Naomi E. Levin, Robert Butler, Guillaume Dupont-Nivet, Melanie Everett, and Sileshi Semaw
Science 14 November 2008: 1089-1092.
A nearly complete pelvis of an adult female Homo erectus reveals that its morphology had evolved in response to increasing fetal brain size, not environmental factors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Slide into Action: Dynamic Shuttling of HIV Reverse Transcriptase on Nucleic Acid Substrates

Shixin Liu, Elio A. Abbondanzieri, Jason W. Rausch, Stuart F. J. Le Grice, and Xiaowei Zhuang
Science 14 November 2008: 1092-1097.
As it converts viral single-stranded RNA to double-stranded DNA, HIV reverse transcriptase shuttles between the ends of the nucleic acid, flipping its orientation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Batf3 Deficiency Reveals a Critical Role for CD8⁺ Dendritic Cells in Cytotoxic T Cell Immunity

Kai Hildner, Brian T. Edelson, Whitney E. Purtha, Mark Diamond, Hirokazu Matsushita, Masako Kohyama, Boris Calderon, Barbara U. Schraml, Emil R. Unanue, Michael S. Diamond, Robert D. Schreiber, Theresa L. Murphy, and Kenneth M. Murphy
Science 14 November 2008: 1097-1100.
In mice, an identifiable subset of antigen-presenting cells is necessary for a normal immune cell response to viral infection and for efficient rejection of tumor cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Del-1, an Endogenous Leukocyte-Endothelial Adhesion Inhibitor, Limits Inflammatory Cell Recruitment

Eun Young Choi, Emmanouil Chavakis, Marcus A. Czabanka, Harald F. Langer, Line Fraemohs, Matina Economopoulou, Ramendra K. Kundu, Alessia Orlandi, Ying Yi Zheng, DaRue A. Prieto, Christie M. Ballantyne, Stephanie L. Constant, William C. Aird, Thalia Papayannopoulou, Carl G. Gahmberg, Mark C. Udey, Peter Vajkoczy, Thomas Quertermous, Stefanie Dimmeler, Christian Weber, and Triantafyllos Chavakis
Science 14 November 2008: 1101-1104.
An endogenous inhibitor of immune cell adhesion dampens recruitment of immune cells to sites of inflammation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Ubiquitin-Like Protein Involved in the Proteasome Pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Michael J. Pearce, Julian Mintseris, Jessica Ferreyra, Steven P. Gygi, and K. Heran Darwin
Science 14 November 2008: 1104-1107.
Published online 2 October 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1163885] (in Science Express Reports)
A prokaryotic version of ubiquitin, a eukaryotic tag for protein degradation, is linked to lysines in prokaryotic proteins destined for destruction, a process called pupylation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genome of an Endosymbiont Coupling N₂ Fixation to Cellulolysis Within Protist Cells in Termite Gut

Yuichi Hongoh, Vineet K. Sharma, Tulika Prakash, Satoko Noda, Hidehiro Toh, Todd D. Taylor, Toshiaki Kudo, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Atsushi Toyoda, Masahira Hattori, and Moriya Ohkuma
Science 14 November 2008: 1108-1109.
In the termite gut, an endosymbiotic bacterium fixes atmospheric nitrogen within the cells of its cellulose-digesting host protist, allowing the insect to thrive on wood. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Globally Distributed Uncultivated Oceanic N₂-Fixing Cyanobacteria Lack Oxygenic Photosystem II

Jonathan P. Zehr, Shellie R. Bench, Brandon J. Carter, Ian Hewson, Faheem Niazi, Tuo Shi, H. James Tripp, and Jason P. Affourtit
Science 14 November 2008: 1110-1112.
An abundant marine cyanobacteria group fixes nitrogen but lacks the genes for carbon fixation and oxygen production, forcing a reevaluation of nitrogen and carbon cycling. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Arabidopsis Stomatal Initiation Is Controlled by MAPK-Mediated Regulation of the bHLH SPEECHLESS

Gregory R. Lampard, Cora A. MacAlister, and Dominique C. Bergmann
Science 14 November 2008: 1113-1116.
Positive and negative developmental signals that determine the locations of gas-exchanging leaf pores converge on a specific domain within a transcription factor. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Regulatory Genes Control a Key Morphological and Ecological Trait Transferred Between Species

Minsung Kim, Min-Long Cui, Pilar Cubas, Amanda Gillies, Karen Lee, Mark A. Chapman, Richard J. Abbott, and Enrico Coen
Science 14 November 2008: 1116-1119.
A key trait—asymmetric flowers with large petals—moves between flower species when a cluster of regulatory genes is transferred from a hybrid to a recipient parent. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Ancient Asteroids Enriched in Refractory Inclusions"

Dominik C. Hezel and Sara S. Russell
Science 14 November 2008: 1050.
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Response to Comment on "Ancient Asteroids Enriched in Refractory Inclusions"

J. M. Sunshine, H. C. Connolly, Jr., T. J. McCoy, S. J. Bus, and L. M. La Croix
Science 14 November 2008: 1050.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|